Small-town cops grapple with big-time gas prices

[From The San Antonio Express-News, June 1, 2008]

KARNES CITY — As fuel invoices arrive with bigger and bigger numbers, Police Chief Roel Salas shakes his head with resignation, pays them, and turns to the task of tightening the department’s belt.

There’s not a whole lot he can do about the rising cost of gasoline, he says.

“I can’t predict the future,” Salas said on a recent weekday. “We’ll just have to bust our fuel costs.”

As with many rural departments operating on limited revenue from low tax bases, police in Karnes City are trying to figure out how to enforce the law on budgets designed to buy gas that was supposed to cost less than $3 a gallon.

With little breathing room for enlarging budgets, the departments regularly must travel great distances to perform their duties.

Some police have begun brainstorming to find a way out of their fuel crisis. Chief Salas, in Karnes City’s case, has changed the way the department conducts traffic enforcement.

Officers no longer patrol to look for violations, he said. They’ve implemented “stationary radar enforcement” at strategic points within the city.

In other words, they’re parked.

Salas isn’t alone. La Vernia Police Chief Bobby Hyatt has told officers to stop unnecessary idling, since running a patrol car 24 hours a day burns more fuel than shutting the engine off when it’s not needed. He has refused to cut patrols, though.

“We haven’t curtailed any of the driving — as of yet,” Hyatt said. “I won’t say that, come the end of the summer and gas is $4 a gallon, I won’t curtail some of the driving.”

Sheriff’s departments, in particular, rack up mileage, said Steve Westbrook, executive director of the Sheriff’s Association of Texas, and most now are asking for more money to cover it or trimming other budgeted expenses to compensate.

“Everybody is feeling the crunch,” Westbrook said. “They’re going to have to amend the budget or come up with some alternative.”

A recent informal survey of Texas police departments shows some are devising unique cost-cutting methods, although most have not made specific changes, even as gas prices creep upward.

“Gas is always a large part of a budget, after personnel costs,” said James McLaughlin, executive director of the Texas Police Chiefs Association, who recently sent an e-mail to member departments asking about the fuel issue.

Doubling-up officers in patrol vehicles, limiting the miles driven per shift, doing more stationary surveillance, anticipating gas price spikes and buying the cheapest local gas are some ways police have responded, McLaughlin said.

One department has even encouraged its officers to do more walking, noting that it’s good exercise, he added.

With most departments around the state working on budgets that projected gas at roughly $2.50 a gallon, many are forced to search elsewhere in their budgets to pay for fuel.

“We try to squeeze every nickel we can until it bleeds because we want to save taxpayers’ money,” said Chief Deputy A.C. Alonzo of the Karnes County Sheriff’s Department.

Sheriff’s departments in Atascosa, Frio and Karnes counties and the Poteet and Floresville police forces have yet to cut back patrols, officers there said.

But most acknowledged growing monthly gas bills and are worried about it.

This week a gallon of regular unleaded gasoline in Karnes City cost $3.85, slightly above San Antonio prices. The price is unlikely to decrease anytime soon.

Chief Salas doesn’t remember the department ever cutting patrolling in the 16 years he’s been here. This year is a first, he said.

In fiscal year 2006 the police spent $3,250 over their gas budget and the following year they exceeded it by $1,260, Salas said. He estimates this year’s overage will be only “$1,000 or so” and said the cost cutting won’t affect the department’s commitment to safety.

“We’re not going to short-change the citizens of Karnes City,” Salas said. “We’re still going to be out on the streets patrolling — crime does not take a vacation.”

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Eagle Pass manager arrested on way out

[From The San Antonio Express-News, Jan. 16, 2008]

EAGLE PASS — Weeks of investigation and a resume full of lies caught up with this border town’s interim city manager Tuesday as council members voted unanimously to take steps to fire him amid applause and whistles from a standing-room-only crowd.

“Once the investigation was completed, it was an easy decision,” said Mayor Chad Foster, who made the motion to set Glen Starnes’ pre-termination hearing for next Tuesday.

Less than 45 minutes after the council ended its closed-door session to debate Starnes’ termination, police arrested him, charging him with fraudulently getting a government job, Maverick County Sheriff Tomas S. Herrera said. He was released on $5,000 bail.

If convicted the misdemeanor charge could net him up to six months in jail and a $2,000 fine.

Starnes had admitted to lying — “fluffing,” in his own words — on his resume and the council initiated an investigation into his past in mid-December. The vote Tuesday suspended him without pay and the council can vote to terminate him at next week’s meeting.

Tuesday’s vote originally was scheduled to make him the city’s permanent manager, after he made an impassioned speech last week defending his background and the work he has done. The council unanimously backed Starnes last week.

However, after the public learned of repeated fabrications on his resume, the council was pressed to remove Starnes. Hired in July for $85,000 a year, Starnes said:

He worked as assistant city manager in Converse. City officials said he never worked there.

He worked as an aide to former U.S. Rep. Jack Fields of Houston. Staffers in Fields’ office said he did not work there. Starnes’ resume included employment dates in the office when Fields did not hold the post.

He earned three degrees, including a doctorate, from the University of Maryland — East Shore — Rockville. No such school exists. He later said he got the degrees from Rochville University, which is a mail-order diploma mill.

City Hall boiled over with residents frustrated with Starnes’ continued employment, filling the council chambers and spilling into the lobby, many whispering to each other during the proceedings.

Starnes was present, often holding his head in his hands and covering his mouth as residents railed against him. He declined to comment.

“We are the biggest fools throughout the entire world,” resident Enriqueta Diaz said in a heartfelt speech to council members as Starnes nodded his head. “How did this happen? Who was supposed to verify his credentials?”

María G. Sifuentes said she was elated with the council’s decision.

“We want our town to be clean. We don’t want corruption,” she said.

The council’s decision came too late in the eyes of some.

“It took them too long to make an easy decision,” a disappointed Ruben Salazar said.

“In March we have to make a decision whether to keep some of those council members or not,” Salazar said, referring to the next election.

In an action related to Starnes’ termination, the council voted to take no action on a lawsuit filed against the city and the interim manager by the former director of human resources, Juan Carlos Solis. Starnes fired Solis and another employee on Oct. 12 accusing them of falsifying documents when Starnes asked about his own benefits.

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Why do Texans love the shape of Texas?

[From The San Antonio Express-News, Feb. 9, 2008]

TEX-ARCANA

Why do Texans love the shape of Texas?

State easy to recognize and market

By SARA INÉS CALDERÓN San Antonio Express-news

Feb. 9, 2008, 5:24PM

Texans really, really love their state.

That’s easy to see from the cookies, earrings, logos, sunglasses and even tattoos that take its shape.

“Texas was a republic for 10 years, so that enables people to romanticize Texas,” said Richard V. Francaviglia, who studied this phenomenon in his book, The Shape of Texas.

The state’s shape lends itself to marketing. With so much space in the middle, there’s plenty of room to put a jewel on a Texas-shaped earring or a business name on a logo, Francaviglia said. It’s also a very familiar symbol, looking almost like a star or a cross, he said.

“The state of Texas looks cool,” said Marcos Diaz, manager of Platinum Piercing and Tattoos in San Antonio, where the image is inked regularly.

Diaz said students or military personnel leaving for other states often want a Texas tattoo to remember home and project an attitude.

“They want everybody to know they’re from Texas,” he said. This zeal also comes from Texans’ patriotic loyalty, Francaviglia said.

“I think that Texans are rather obsessed with their history. Therefore, history and geography go well together when you can use the shape so readily,” he said.

The pride can almost take on spiritual proportions. When Texans create things, live with things or even eat things in the shape of the state, it’s almost as though they are internalizing Texas itself, Francaviglia said.

“You not only live in Texas,” he said. “You are taking Texas into you.”

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Where is ‘y’all’ from?

[From The San Antonio Express-News, Dec. 9, 2007]

TEX-ARCANA

Where is ‘y’all’ from?

It replaced English’s missing pronoun

By SARA INÉS CALDERÓN San Antonio Express-news

Dec. 9, 2007, 9:38AM

If you’ve lived in Texas, or probably even if you haven’t, you know that there is one phrase synonymous with the Lone Star State: “y’all.”

“Texas has a very interesting linguistic heritage,” said Guy Bailey, professor of English linguistics, specializing in American English language variations.

Currently chancellor at the University of Missouri at Kansas City, Bailey previously was provost at the University of Texas at San Antonio.

He said the American South, but also Mexico, Czech and German, largely influence the state’s English.

“Y’all” is a plural pronoun used to address several people at once, Bailey said.

English, like other European languages, used to have two second person pronouns, one singular and one plural.

Before the 17th century, people in England distinguished between addressing one person (thee, thou, thy) and several people (ye and you).

The plural form, ye and you, was the formal way to address someone, he said.

In the 1600s, as commoners ascended to power, Bailey said the second person singular began to disappear.

People were no longer inclined to address social superiors with thee and thou, he said, so the terms began to disappear from the language.

Without the words, English had a defective pronoun system, Bailey explained, since “you” was being used for both singular and plural.

Ever since, English speakers have looked for a new plural form.

Some examples of this experimentation include “you guys” and “you all” Bailey said, adding, “y’all” is the handiest.

When the phrase came into widespread use it was mostly in the South, and when Anglos began to settle Texas, “y’all” arrived in the Lone Star State.

The term is quite useful, he said, since its meaning is easily understood and it fills a pronoun void in the English language.

In fact, the word’s utility is likely responsible for the fact that “y’all” is increasingly used outside of the South.

As for why the phrase is so strongly associated with Texas,

Bailey blamed a familiar party: the media.

Television shows are more likely to be set in Texas than other Southern states, he said.

But that doesn’t deter Bailey, a native of Alabama, from using the phrase.

“I do all the time,” he said.

“I was probably in college before I realized people didn’t.”

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Poteet mayor faces 3 new sex indictments

[From The San Antonio Express-News, Sept. 24, 2008]

POTEET — Lino Donato, the city of Poteet’s sex offender mayor, has been indicted on three new sex charges.

An Atascosa County grand jury on Monday charged Donato with one count each of aggravated sexual assault, a first-degree felony, indecency with a child by contact, a second-degree felony, and attempted indecency with a child by contact, a third-degree felony, according to a list of indictments released by the county district clerk’s office.

It was unclear when, where, or with whom these offenses were alleged to have occurred. The clerk’s office said it could not provide copies of the actual indictments because they were still being processed. District Attorney Rene Peña did not return calls seeking comment.

Donato was being held at the Atascosa County Jail on $200,000 bond Tuesday, officials said.

For most of the past year, while trying to take back his guilty plea on indecency with a child charges last October, he has fought attempts to force him to step down as mayor. City officials who have called the tug of war demoralizing didn’t want to talk about the latest indictments.

“It’s just a shame that the publicity we always get is so negative,” said Candy Cantu, a former city councilwoman who grew up with Donato in Poteet. “There’s a lot of good things here. We have a lot of good people.”

The mayor was first indicted in July 2006 on three charges of indecency with a child. His ex-wife was the complainant and many in this small town believe his bitter divorce led to the charges. Donato was accused of exposing himself to two girls in 1996 and 2000 and of improperly touching one of them in 1997.

An indicted Donato was re-elected mayor in May 2007 and his jury trial began the following October, ending on Halloween when he pleaded guilty to two counts of indecency by exposure and no contest to one count of indecency by contact.

Almost immediately after accepting a plea deal that granted him deferred adjudication pending successful completion of 10 years’ probation and requiring him to register as a sex offender for 20 years, Donato recanted, blaming inadequate counsel and hiring attorney Gary Churak to push his appeal for a new trial.

Churak was unavailable for comment on the new indictments.

Poteet city attorney Frank Garza has said Donato can be removed from office — not for the crime, since he was not formally convicted, but for missing three regular meetings without an excuse.

Donato decided in January to formally cede his duties — but not his title — to then-mayor pro-tem Roy Ybarra.

Ybarra lost his bid for re-election in May and Donato did not authorize the new mayor pro-tem, Fred Catala, to act in his stead. Donato re-assumed his official duties but can’t attend council meetings because city hall is within 1,000 feet of the city library, where children may congregate.

As the mayor’s absences mounted, Catala said in August that the council would consider voting to remove him in September. That vote never came.

Simultaneously, District Attorney Peña asked a judge in August to remove Donato for continued absences and failure to perform his duties. Donato filed an answer and the case is pending.

This month Peña asked the Texas Rangers to investigate Donato, but neither party would say why.

Poteet resident Roselynn Lopez said most of those concerned about Donato are of his generation, the people who grew up with him, but not younger folks like herself.

“People from other places will ask if the child molester is still mayor. It’s embarrassing, but we just say, ‘Who cares?’” Lopez said. “A lot of people aren’t going to say they approve (of him) but nobody is going to back him up.”

But resident Richard Martinez said most locals thought it a shame, a sad chapter in Poteet’s history. Many considered the first accusations a nasty divorce tactic, but this time there’s more doubt, he said.

“People are going to think we’re alllocos,” Martinez said. “One bad apple makes the whole town look bad. People are going to say we’re a bad town, and it hurts.”

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What’s the history of tortillas?

[From The San Antonio Express-News March 1, 2008]

TEX-ARCANA

What’s the history of tortillas?

Tradition traced to ancient culture

By SARA INÉS CALDERÓN San Antonio Express-news

March 1, 2008, 10:08PM

Nothing beats a warm breakfast taco in the morning. The ultimate comfort food, it is a culinary mainstay of Texan culture, based on something that is centuries old: the flour tortilla.

In much of Mexico and elsewhere in the United States, tacos are usually made with corn tortillas, whose history goes back even further, thousands of years to the native people of the Americas. The Aztecs revered corn almost as a deity, said Melissa Guerra, of McAllen, an author of several cookbooks, most recently Dishes from the Wild Horse Desert.

The flour tortilla gained a foothold after the Spanish conquest, she said, with the colonizers considering corn unfit for human consumption. There were theological reasons for their preference for wheat, which Europeans associated with the body of Christ.

Jewish families — covertly practicing their faith or simply maintaining their traditions as Catholic conversos — settled in northern Mexico to get as far from the Spanish Inquisition as possible. Since corn was not kosher and they were accustomed to eating flat pita bread, they began to make tortillas out of wheat, Guerra said.

Flour tortillas became popular in northern Mexico, including what is now Texas, and stayed popular in Texas after independence and annexation by the United States. That doesn’t surprise Guerra because the Rio Grande became “really more of a political boundary than a cultural boundary.”

“It was just our regional food,” she said.

Corn tortillas remain the pre-eminent staple of Mexico and are increasingly popular in the United States, said Eduardo Campos, owner of Taco Rey on San Antonio’s West Avenue and two other taquerías in his native Mexico City. “In our culture and history, corn is fundamental,” Campos said. “We’re a people born of corn.”

At his two taquerías in Mexico, the clientele overwhelmingly prefers corn tortillas. San Antonians always prefer his fresh flour tortillas for their breakfast tacos, Campos said, although that’s changing.

As immigrants bring their love of corn to this country, the demand for these tortillas here is increasing, he said.

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Texas man crafts pens from cow patties

[From The San Antonio Express-News]

Texas man crafts pens from cow patties

09:27 PM CST on Sunday, December 16, 2007

By SARA INES CALDERON / San Antonio Express-News

POTEET, Texas – One cow’s excrement is one man’s fine writing instrument.

John Lopez holds milled barrell halves alongside one of his finished cow patty pens.

At least it is for John Lopez, 42, who began making his South Texas Cow Patty Pens six years ago with local, natural materials.

John Lopez holds milled barrell halves alongside one of his   finished cow patty pens.

LISA KRANTZ / San Antonio Express-News

He perfected the process through trial and error. The end result: flecks of brown suspended in a clear plastic, looking almost like wood from a distance.

“I take my pen kits and feed ‘em to the cows and then go out in the pasture and pick ‘em up,” Lopez joked, stroking his mustache from behind the desk at JS Shop, his lawnmower repair business in downtown Poteet.

Cow patties may be Lopez’s current specialty, but when he began the craft in 2000 he used wood, bone, deer antler and other materials to encase mail-ordered ballpoints.

“I was bored, poor,” he said. “I had bought some tools” and decided to give handmade pens a try. But after hawking them at craft shows and county fairs, he realized his wares looked like everyone else’s.

So he started looking for a way to distinguish his work. Exotic materials were hard to find in Poteet, but he came across the solution in his own backyard.

“There’s not much money in this area, so I need to make things with the finances (I have) and I need the materials the same way,” he said.

His original brand name for the pens included a vulgar barnyard term, but it offended customers and other vendors at craft shows, so he retreated to the safer “South Texas Cow Patty Pen.”

Listening to Lopez describe how he arrived at his production method is like listening to a scientist describe a breakthrough discovery. The cow patties can’t be too dry but they can’t be too fresh, either. Also important is the type of feed the cattle in question are eating.

Eligible patties must be made from pure coastal grass, never grain, Lopez said adamantly, gesturing with both hands otherwise the patty “won’t be natural.”

Once selected and harvested, the winners are ground into a powder, placed in a tray and mixed with a plastic resin. After four days, he can cut the hardened plastic into small blocks for further custom milling. He said it’s the hardest substance he has ever cut because of sand ingested by the cows along with the grass.

The blocks are spun on a wood lathe at 3,900 revolutions per minute, worked into a cylinder, assembled with parts bought from a catalog and polished. The process yields 10 to 15 pens and takes six to eight hours, Lopez said.

The finished product goes for $45.

“It’s not an easy-made pen,” Lopez said.

A jack-of-all-trades, Lopez has made everything from patio furniture to metal coat racks and even earrings, but only pens, darts, knife handles and letter openers from cow patties.

Lopez’s pens have become fairly well known around Atascosa County, one collector of his work said.

“Probably nowhere but South Texas you’ll come across that,” said a laughing David Soward, who owns a few of Lopez’s antler and wood ballpoints and whose sister-in-law gave him a cow patty pen as a gag gift.

Local demand for the pens has spread via humorous word of mouth, said Soward, the Atascosa County Sheriff’s Department’s chief deputy.

“It’s just a novelty item,” he said. “I get a kick out of it.”

Lopez has spent his life in South Texas, loves his home and wants his work to reflect his natural surroundings.

“That’s where I live, and I’m not a Yankee,” he said with pride, adding: “I’ve been up north once. I’ve been to Oklahoma, and I didn’t care for it.”

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Curanderos en La Salud

[From ¡Ahora Sí! 2007 ]

Curanderos en la Salud

Desde la oscuridad de un cuartito Alberto Salinas, Jr. cierra los ojos, sostiene una cruz con su mano derecha y masculla: “Padre nuestro que estás en el cielo..”. Las llamas de las veladoras tiemblan y bañan de luz al cuartito en este atardecer. De repente Salinas queda en trance, sus ojos blancos, y en un momento de serenidad dice con una voz infantil: “El señor Dios está con ustedes; luz y entendimiento, amor y paz. Soy Fidencio”.

¡ahora sí!

En un abrir y cerrar de ojos Salinas, de 55 años y oriundo del Valle de Texas, se convierte en “materia” de un curandero mexicano nacido en el Valle de Texas en 1898. Se dice que José Fidencio Síntora Constantino, conocido como ‘El Niño Fidencio’ curó a miles de personas desde el remoto pueblito Espinazo al norte de Nuevo León, entre estas el ex presidente mexicano Plutarco Elías Calles.

Desde 1978 Salinas dice que ha prestado su cuerpo al Niño durante tranzas para curar enfermedades físicas, expulsar los malos espíritus y oír las penas de sus pacientes, de esta manera convirtiendose en materia del Niño. Después de curar a cada paciente Salinas dice sentirse agotado, sobre todo después de tantos años practicando el curanderismo. No obstante, confiesa que vale la pena. “Esto me llena”, dice el esposo y padre de dos hijos.

Para muchos el curanderismo es una locura total —hasta algo satánico. Otros ven en el curandero (materia), como su único recurso “médico” para aliviar sus problemas de salud. En las comunidades latinas del país, los curanderos son una alternativa al sistema médico, ya sea por necesidades físicas o mentales.

Antonio Zavaleta, profesor de antropología de la Universidad de Texas en Brownsville sostiene que la medicina folklórica es más popular de lo que la gente piensa. El catedrático e investigador afirma que es un tabú entre la población latina acudir a un psiquiatra. Quien acude a uno parece ser débil. En cambio, hacerse una “barrida” es más aceptable.

“Los latinos tienen las mismas necesidades de salud mental que los demás, pero por cuestiones económicas o por temor al “qué dirán”, buscan a alguien que les dé consejos o les haga una “limpia” “, explica Zavaleta, quien estudia el curanderismo desde hace cuatro décadas.

No se sabe con exactitud cuántos latinos buscan la ayuda de curanderos, espiritistas o naturalistas, pero un estudio del Cirujano General (de1998 a 2002) David Satcher señala que, en 2001, entre cuatro y un 44 por ciento de los latinos usaron los servicios de un curandero. Satcher, autoridad en el gobierno federal en materia de salud, afirma en otro estudio que las condiciones médicas que afectan a los hispanos aumentan el riesgo de su salud mental.

Agrega que el hecho que los latinos, inmigrantes o no, sean más pobres que otros grupos étnicos los pone en alto riesgo. Con la pobreza vienen los bajos niveles de educación, la cárcel, el abuso de drogas y alcohol, y todos estos factores contribuyen al problema de salud mental.
CURANDERÍA EN AUSTIN

No existen cifras definitivas que indiquen cuántos latinos acuden a los curanderos, espiritistas o naturalistas. Lo que sí afirma Zavaleta es que “hay un lugar grande para la medicina folklórica en Austin”.

“La población latina está marginada del sistema médico, particularmente en cuestiones de salud mental”, afirma el investigador de UT-Brownsville. En otras palabras, mientras latinos no tengan acceso al sistema médico, continuarán a buscar servicios de curanderos.

La gente que acude a curanderos principalmente sufre de “problemas emocionales y de comportamiento”, explicó Zavaleta. “En efecto, son psicólogos folklóricos”.

Lee Cantú es un curandero que practica en Austin, en Cantú’s Imports, localizado al sur de la calle 1st Street. Clientes visitan a Cantú por la misma razón que visitarían a un terapeuta. “El 90 por ciento vienen aquí por sus relaciones personales”, confiesa. Desde 1984 practica lo que él llama medicina alternativa: ofrece limpias, receta tés y actúa como materia para resolver problemas económicos y amorosos de sus pacientes.

Gregorio Martínez, otro practicante de la medicina alternativa localizado al este de la calle 7th Street, prefiere recomendar a sus clientes ir con un médico cuando deduce que las preocupaciones mentales están afectando la salud física del paciente. Su trabajo, aclara, es sanar el alma y el espíritu.

Curanderos y curanderas en Austin y en el Valle de Texas expresan que sus clientes vienen de toda clase social y geográfica: estudiantes y abogados, desde México y Cuba hasta Suramérica. Una de ellas es la mexicana María Tamayo, de 70 años y que actualmente practica en Brownsville. Tamayo, al igual que Salinas, presta su materia al Niño Fidencio desde hace 36 años.

LATINOS SIN SEGURO MÉDICO

La falta de un estatus legal es una causa por la que muchos hispanos temen solicitar asistencia en el sistema de salud mental, y los que residen legalmente en el país no suelen contar con un seguro médico. Según el demógrafo del estado, el 31 por ciento de los hispanos del condado de Travis no cuentan con pólizas de seguro médico. Aun con seguro médico, servicios de salud mental puede costar cientos de dólares al año mientras que muchos curanderos cobran con donaciones, o lo que el pacienta quiera pagar.

Aparte de la falta de dinero, de un estaus legal o de psicólogos que hablen español, la estigma puede alejar latinos de servicios médicos adecuados. Temor al rechazo de familiares es otra razón por la cual latinos no buscan ayuda para sus condiciones mentales. Con todo esto, la posibilidad que latinos busquen ayuda para su salud mental es aún más dudable.

En 2006, el 28 por ciento de los texanos que solicitaron ayuda por problemas de salud mental se identificaron como latinos, indica el Departamento de Salud de Texas. Otro reporte, realizado este año por el Instituto Nacional de Salud Mental, indica que los inmigrantes gozan de tasas más bajas de enfermedades mentales que los norteamericanos: un 24 por ciento de inmigrantes hispanos comparado con el 46 por ciento del resto de la población del país.

Pero latinos tienden de padecer de tasas más altas de trastorno de estrés postraumático, causados por eventos traumáticos que pueden resultar en la depresión, violencia y comportamiento antisocial. Según el reporte del Cirujano General, veteranos latinos de la guerra en Vietnam tienden padecer más de este estrés por su experiencia en la guerra que los anglosajones, e inmigrantes centroamericanos también batallan con este estrés por la historia de guerras en sus patrias.

Otro dato alarmante es la falta de terapeutas que hablan el español. Según la Asociación de Psicólogos de Norteamérica, apenas el un por ciento de sus miembros se identifican como latino.

El alto costo de los servicios médicos y la carencia de programas de asistencia social para gente de bajos recursos o en español motiva a la población de latinos a buscar refugios alternativos con curanderos como Salinas y Cantú. El misterio de las prácticas de medicina folklóricas como el curanderismo que dan resultados a muchos motiva a el profesor Zavaleta continuar sus estudios.

Los curanderos, explica , son psicólogos folklóricos.

Entre la salud mental y el curanderismo

Sara Inés Calderón ¡ahora sí!

EVALUANDO LA SALUD MENTAL

Recuerdo que cuando era niña mi hermano se enfermó durante una visita a nuestros abuelos abuelos en Eagle Pass, al otro lado de Piedras Negras, Coahuila. Mis tías, una de ellas enfermera, colocaron un vaso con agua mezclada con un huevo crudo a lado de la cama de mi hermano. También quebraron palillos por la mitad y los colocaron dentro del vaso.

No entendí muy bien el significado de lo que hacían, pero se me hizo razonable. Como muchos latinos, simplemente confié en las tradiciones del curanderismo.

Los latinos en este país no carecen de acceso a servicios médicos, y más cuando se trata de salud mental. Una investigación titulada ‘Health Care Utilization Barriers among Mexican Americans: Evidence from HHANES’ cita que uno de cada tres mexicanos se toparon con barreras al buscar ayuda.

Si los curanderos pueden llenar este vacío de especialista de salud mental , escuchando problemas, ofreciendo consejos razonables, y luego practicando una ‘limpia’, qué mal ofrecen si al fin de cuentas te sientes mejor.

Los Curanderos ocupan un lugar importante en nuestra cultura, pero no siempre pueden reemplazar los servicios de especialistas en la salud mental.

El antropólogo Antonio N. Zavaleta me dijo que los curanderos muchas veces recomiendan a sus clientes que busquen ayuda de doctores, pero los doctores raramente mandan a sus pacientes a un curandero. Yo creo que los dos pueden trabajar juntos.

Como hay sólo 29 profesionales de salud mental hispanohablantes por cada 100,000 hispanos en el país —según un reporte del médico cirujano David Satcher— dudo que podrán proveer incondicionalmente servicios a sus clientes hispanos. Además los curanderos no están entrenados para comprender todo tipo de condición mental.

El buscar un curandero o un profesionista es una decisión que cada quien tiene que tomar por sí mismo. Aunque exista un tabú contra el uso de psicólogos en nuestra cultura, los mismos psicólogos me han dicho que es más fácil seguir con tu estilo de vida que cambiarlo.

Han pasado los años y aunque ya soy adulta, todavía no te podría decir el por qué mis tías arreglaron ese vaso con un huevo y palillos, o cual era su meta. Lo que sí sé es que poco después de eso mi hermano se compuso.

-Sara Ines Calderon

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Shootings against Border Patrol escalating

[From The Brownsville Herald Jan. 5, 2006]

Shootings against Border Patrol escalating

By Sara Inés Calderón

The Brownsville Herald

More than two dozen shots were fired at Border Patrol agents from across the Rio Grande on Friday and Wednesday, marking a large increase in such shootings in this sector of the border, an agency official said.

In fiscal year 2005, there were a total of six shootings, said Julio Salinas, spokesman for the Rio Grande Valley sector Border Patrol.

The shootings reported Friday and Wednesday are the sixth and seventh shootings since fiscal year began Oct. 1, officials said.

The increase in violence against agents is likely due to the effectiveness of the patrol’s enforcement, he said. The smugglers react violently to the Border Patrol’s presence, Salinas said.

“We believe it is due to operations, due to the fact that we are a threat to the narcotic or alien smugglers, and that is one of the ways they react,” he said.

On Wednesday about 7:30 p.m., about 10 shots were fired at the Border Patrol from the Mexican side of the Rio Grande near Veteran’s International Bridge at Los Tomates, said Roy Cervantes, a spokesman for the Rio Grande Valley Sector of the Border Patrol.

A Border Patrol vehicle was hit, but no one was injured, he said.

At about 7 p.m. on Friday, two Border Patrol boats carrying four agents were patrolling upriver from the Veteran’s bridge when 20 to 25 shots were fired at them from the Mexican side of the river, Salinas said.

The agents did not return fire during the shooting which was about a 1½ miles from Wednesday’s incident, and none of the four agents were hurt, he said. One of the boats was hit five times, he said.

“We don’t believe that this is a random shooting,” Salinas said. “Whoever did the shooting had to have the training or had some knowledge of how to use a firearm, because to be able to hit the boat, a moving target, five times in the cover of darkness is very difficult.”

The shooters allowed the first boat to go by with no shots fired and then fired upon the second boat, Salinas said.

Shooters on the Mexican side of the border were most likely involved in alien or drug smuggling, Salinas said.

Cameron County Sheriff Omar Lucio said his office is investigating the attack.

“We feel that perhaps these people were narcotic traffickers, and when they saw the Border Patrol, it upset their operation,” Lucio said.

The FBI is also studying the incident.

“We’re coordinating with Mexican authorities to determine who may have been the perpetrators,” said Jorge Cisneros, spokesman for the FBI in McAllen.

“The Border Patrol has had a rash of incidents here along the border,” he said. “It is obviously a big concern, since it’s escalating.”

The seven shootings involving the Border Patrol during fiscal year 2006 began are all currently still under investigation, Cisneros said.

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Taking a stand Minuteman count down to border campaign launch amid slings, arrows and appreciation

[From The Brownsville Herald Sept. 18, 2005]

Taking a stand Minuteman count down to border campaign launch amid slings, arrows and appreciation

By Sara Inés Calderón

The Brownsville Herald

FALFURRIAS, 18 de septiembre, 2005 — They say Don Pedrito Jaramillo healed anyone, from anywhere, at any time, at no charge. The infamous bearded Texas curandero lived near here a hundred years ago; his grave is now a shrine for those with ailing family members who ask for his help.

A hundred years after Don Jaramillo’s death, Falfurrias has become the main stage for the national anti-illegal immigration group, the Minuteman Civil Defense Corps, whose campaign to keep undocumented immigrants out of Texas has formed a rift between those who are either with them or against them.

And as the issue heats up between neighbors here, more will be needed to heal the discord than can be found in an old man’s medicine bag.

“This border is wide-open — anybody with a backpack can get through,” said Michael Vickers, a veterinarian here who has become the point man for the organization’s efforts in the area.

“We gotta stop it — and that’s what the Minuteman are going to attempt to do,” he said sitting in his office in August, surrounded by his awards, mounted deer heads and other game trophies. The group’s activities consist of setting-up along designated areas and reporting illegal activities to the authorities.

The main group originally organized in Goliad, however, it dissolved last week. The group did not offer and explanation.

A group of about 20 leaders from Texas and other states met the first weekend in August at Vickers’ ranch to form a statewide strategy in Texas. A week later, the head of the Minuteman, Chris Simcox, came from Arizona to train volunteers in a handful of Texas cities.

The group launched Operation Forward Air Control over Labor Day weekend, using 30 planes to search the area for undocumented immigrants, organizers said.

“We haven’t even gotten kicked-off yet, these are just kind of reconnaissance patrols and training patrols and we are reporting people,” Vickers explained. “The main deployment for the operation Secure Our Borders will be during the month of October, it is going to be a big success.”

The operation, though, kicked off a month early after hundreds of Border Patrol agents were moved off their watch to help hurricane relief efforts in Louisiana and Mississippi.

Minutemen have been indecisive about whether to come to Brownsville, but as of Friday the Valley was not in the cards for the group. However, Al Garza, the state president, said coming to Brownsville was still a possibility, given proper manpower.

Falfurrias’ 6,000 population is more than 90-percent Hispanic. Brownsville is close to 170,000 and with about the same concentration of Hispanic residents, according to the U.S. Census Bureau.

Yolanda Pérez works at The Heritage Museum at Falfurrias, where the history of the town, from Edward Lasater to Falfurrias Dairy to famous hometown musicians, is documented.

Pérez was born here and has made her entire life in this town. She described the town’s glory days, showing photographs of luxury hotels and restaurants that used to be across the street from schools she attended. And then, she said, something changed in Falfurrias.

“People used to be really excited about the town, and they wanted to make it nice … but I don’t know what happened, we used to have a lot of things we don’t have anymore,” she said looking at the dull and faded photographs in the museum.

Surrounded by cattle ranches, Vickers said the area is part of a north-to-south pathway for immigrants and smugglers traveling to the interior.

The Minuteman are training and recruiting volunteers here and Vickers said the response is enormous.

Around town, all fingers point to the bus station. Dozens of immigrants line-up every morning, taking notices to appear in immigration court and hopping on buses to big cities. Most never return. Immigration officials say the majority of undocumented immigrants do not appear in court as instructed after release.

“I can’t stand the bus station,” said Dolores Villarreal, owner of the Don Pedrito Jaramillo Curio Shop, near the medicine man’s grave. She said she’s his great-granddaughter.

“People in town don’t want all these people coming through our town,” Villarreal said, referring to immigrant traffic.

“We’re being invaded by these guys — I’m all in favor of the Minuteman. At least somebody is trying to help,” she said.

A woman who works at the local bus station said the majority of riders don’t want trouble.

“They come all the way out here to make a new life for themselves and the majority of people around here take advantage of them,” though she believes the immigrants do damage the ranches.

This was an issue at the Minuteman meeting in August, where Garza was among the 20 present. The ex-Marine replaced Bill Parmley of Goliad, who resigned citing organizational problems and racism within the group.

“It was merely a misunderstanding and misinformation,” Garza said, referring to the charges of racism.

Frustration caused a few people to say things that were then taken out of context and interpreted as racist, Garza said, after looking into the matter.

He also addressed accusations that Goliad Minuteman was plotting against the Hispanic sheriff of Goliad County, Robert de la Garza.

“It had nothing to do with him being Hispanic, it was taken out of context,” Garza said, adding that the original comments stemmed from ranchers’ frustration.

Immigrants that go through local’s ranches break into homes and barns, tear down fences, steal vehicles, let animals out and all of them are potential terrorists, Vickers said in his veterinary office.

The Minuteman is about national security and stopping the hundreds of undocumented immigrants who travel through his ranch each day.

“Some of the big ranchers don’t want them in there,” Brooks County Sheriff Balde Lozano said.

He was also concerned for the group’s safety.

“It is real different down here,” Lozano said. “If they do come over here, they need to be real careful.”

The strategy the group worked out in August involves creating what they term a “laundry line” of volunteers through different ranches in the area, from east to west. This line will be able to notify the Border Patrol of the traffic traveling north to south through the area.

The vast majority of Minuteman volunteers are retired military and law enforcement individuals, and the majority is aged at least 50, organizers said. Life experiences of these volunteers add to the Minuteman’s strategy to combat illegal immigration, Vickers said.

But the strategy for Texas is different than in Arizona — where the group originated. The Minuteman should take care here, Lozano said. There has been an increasing amount of immigrant traffic through the area, and a “dangerous element” that flows through as well. He worries that the group has not made contact with his office.

With the whirlwind surrounding them, some Falfurrias residents shrug off the matter. AJ Treviño, 17, has lived here his whole life and just shook his head at the idea that undocumented immigrants are invading his city.

“They’re just people,” he said, while taking a moment at the local Whataburger restaurant where he works. “There are some of them that are bad, but some people are good — all they do is work.”

The Minuteman’s arrival in Falfurrias may affect illegal immigration here, but the Rio Grande Valley Border Patrol spokesman Roy Cervantes would not comment on how.

“We do not know when this group is coming to the area,” he said. “We will address that issue when the time comes.”

The Minuteman’s nationwide operation Secure Our Border is scheduled to begin Oct. 1, until that date, Vickers and his followers will be preparing.

“We’re in an infancy stage,” he said of the group, which is currently training, recruiting and preparing for October.

“The point is to stop it (illegal immigration), and if we have to do it ourselves, we’re going to do everything we can to stop it,” Vickers said.

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